Energy Technologies Institute (ETI)

1. To investigate the costs that domestic electricity suppliers in Great Britain might face in 2030.
2. To make projections on the assumption that, unless formally announced, no changes are made to the electricity market arrangements in place today
3. To focus in particular on the hourly variation and seasonal shape of supplier costs

1. To investigate the costs that domestic electricity suppliers in Great Britain might face in 2030.
2. To make projections on the assumption that, unless formally announced, no changes are made to the electricity market arrangements in place today
3. To focus in particular on the hourly variation and seasonal shape of supplier costs

1. Hourly Prices: Detailed Retail Cost Stacks
2. Annual Figures ( to add ) :
   • Installed Capacity
   • Generation
   • Wholesale price and captured prices for renewable technologies
   • Imports and exports with neighbouring markets
   • Total carbon dioxide emissions

The Characterisation of Feedstocks Project was commissioned by The Energy Technologies Institute (ETI) and carried out by Forest Research, and Uniper Technologies Ltd (formerly part of E.ON).

Five crops were considered: Miscanthus, willow short-rotation-coppice (SRC), poplar SRC, poplar short-rotation-forestry (SRF), and conifer SRF.

Eight studies were carried out:
In phase 1 (fieldwork spring to autumn 2015):
1. To examine the impact of climate zone, soil type, harvesting time, and storage on Miscanthus, willow SRC, poplar SRC, poplar SRF and conifer SRF
2. To examine the variation between and within fields of Miscanthus and willow SRC
3. To examine the feedstock characteristics of willow SRC and poplar SRF leaves
4. To examine the feedstock characteristics of Miscanthus before and after pelletising
In phase 2 (fieldwork November 2015 to November 2016):
V1. To examine the impact of harvest time on Miscanthus characteristics
V2. To examine the impact of harvest time on willow characteristics
V3. To examine the impact of varieties on willow characteristics
V4. To examine the impact of storage time on Miscanthus characteristics

• Academics whose research focuses on bioenergy crop production or use of bioenergy crops in pre-treatment or conversion technologies;
• Modellers seeking biomass physical property data
• Bioenergy project developers seeking to understand their design envelopes;
• Existing commercial biomass users seeking to understand process performance;
• Biomass buyers assessing risks and defining fuel specifications.

• Stage 1 aims to characterize market and policy frameworks, business propositions, and the integrated vehicle and energy infrastructure system and technologies best suited to enabling a cost-effective UK energy system for low-carbon vehicles, using the amalgamated analytical toolset.
• Stage 2 aims to fill knowledge gaps and validate assumptions from Stage 1 through scientifically robust research, including real world trials with privatevehicle consumers and case studies with business fleets. A mainstream consumer uptake trial will be carried out to measure attitudes to PiVs after direct experience of them, and consumer charging trials will measure mainstream consumer PiV charging behaviours and responses to managed harging options

• Stage 1 aims to characterize market and policy frameworks, business propositions, and the integrated vehicle and energy infrastructure system and technologies best suited to enabling a cost-effective UK energy system for low-carbon vehicles, using the amalgamated analytical toolset.
•  Stage 2 aims to fill knowledge gaps and validate assumptions from Stage 1 through scientifically robust research, including real world trials with privatevehicle consumers and case studies with business fleets. A mainstream consumer uptake trial will be carried out to measure attitudes to PiVs after direct experience of them, and consumer charging trials will measure mainstream consumer PiV charging behaviours and responses to managed harging options

• A ‘first principles’ view of the key components or Building Blocks (BB) that are considered as part of understanding what technology/physical, actors/commercial, market/policy, and Customer Proposition structures are most effective in enabling mass deployment and use of ULEVs, and their relative importance.
• A systematic allocation of the BBs to the Narratives, in such a way as to focus the framework on the areas of highest materiality, providing the basis for the analysis reported in the separate D1.3 Market Design and System Integration Report.

• Stage 1 aims to characterize market and policy frameworks, business propositions, and the integrated vehicle and energy infrastructure system and technologies best suited to enabling a cost-effective UK energy system for low-carbon vehicles, using the amalgamated analytical toolset.
• Stage 2 aims to fill knowledge gaps and validate assumptions from Stage 1 through scientifically robust research, including real world trials with private vehicle consumers and case studies with business fleets. A mainstream consumer uptake trial will be carried out to measure attitudes to PiVs after direct experience of them, and consumer charging trials will measure mainstream consumer PiV charging behaviours and responses to managed harging options.

• Stage 1 aims to characterize market and policy frameworks, business propositions, and the integrated vehicle and energy infrastructure system and technologies best suited to enabling a cost-effective UK energy system for low-carbon vehicles, using the amalgamated analytical toolset.
•  Stage 2 aims to fill knowledge gaps and validate assumptions from Stage 1 through scientifically robust research, including real world trials with privatevehicle consumers and case studies with business fleets. A mainstream consumer uptake trial will be carried out to measure attitudes to PiVs after direct experience of them, and consumer charging trials will measure mainstream consumer PiV charging behaviours and responses to managed harging options

Ecosystem Land Use Modelling and Soil Carbon Flux Trial (ELUM) was funded and commissioned by the Energy Technologies Institute (the ETI) and carried out by the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), the University of Aberdeen, the University of Southampton, Forest Research, Aberystwyth University, the University of Edinburgh and the University of York.

The ELUM project aims were to provide greater understanding on the greenhouse gas (GHG) and soil carbon changes arising as a result of direct land-use change (dLUC) to bioenergy crops, with a primary focus on the second-generation bioenergy crops Miscanthus, short rotation coppice (SRC) willow and short rotation forestry (SRF).

Experimental fieldwork on Miscanthus, SRC Willow, and SRF, and adjacent control sites, was conducted at locations across the length and breadth of mainland UK to capture data across both temporal and spatial scales.

• ESCOs 'right-size' heating solutions then provide supply contracts with price guarantees
• HEMS enable optimised ToU tariffs and DR benefits via localstorage
• Hybrid heat pump driving arbitrage opportunities in the home

1. The pathway results (capacity, generation ,costs) for all scenarios. The pathway results are the output of the capacity optimisation model (LT: Long-Term)
2. Levelised cost of electricity and value of capacity for the Base Case (Model LT: Long-Term)
3. Detailed dispatch results for the Base Case for a spot year (2030). The dispatch results have been simulated with the full year dispatch model (ST: Short-Term)
4. Dispatch results for two spot years (2030, 2050) for the rest of the scenarios. These results were simulated with the capacity optimisation model (LT)
5. Comparisons between the Base Case and sensitivities
6. Comparisons between Base Case and other GB scenarios

The TEAB project compares the costs, efficiencies and GHG emissions of biomass supply chains with and without significant pre-processing, to assess whether and how pre-processing steps can benefit UK bioenergy supply chains.

Ten supply chains were selected for modelling and analysis in the project, two of which generate heat, and eight generating power. These are compared in groups according to their shared conversion technology, and all the chains are able to use a blend of Miscanthus and woody feedstocks (from 0-100%).

Available here are gPROMS and Excel models describing bioenergy supply chains, and project reports. Further README files in the models and reports sub-directories describe the contents further.

• This workbook is very large, and reliant on the interaction between thousands of different input parameters and formulae
• In particular, the “Chain choice” tab contains a Data table with over a large number of rows and 3 columns, which is computationally heavy, and often leads to cycling between chains/volatile values changing
• It is therefore a very strong recommendation for the user to configure your Excel to NOT automatically update all formulae
• To do this, go to File > Options > Formulas > and select “Automatic except for data tables”.
• You can then use the Excel safely, and if you want to refresh the Data table results, hit “F9” and wait about 2 minutes. The Data table will be refreshed when the “Data Table: 1” status at the bottom right of the Excel window disappears. If you hit “F9” then move to another cell or tab, the table will not have updated.
• Youmay also find that you cannot have any other spreadsheet open at the same time.

1. Base Case
2. Reduced Biomass and biofuel feedstock availability
3. No CCS
4. No biomass gasification
5. No biomass gasification + no CSS

• Core Charts - a single worksheet with key charts from each scenario, with aggregated categories for easier interpretation
• N. (Scenario) - Detail - All charts produced for the scenario, including a more detailed category breakdown

• Indicative fuel cell light and heavy vehicle specifications for each of the truck and bus categories currently used by the ETI
• Fuel cell system component costs by year and global production volume
• Initial production cost, TCO and CO2 savings assessment
• Equivalent data for battery electric vehicles for comparison purposes

• A detailed analysis of the potential cost components that determined the price for domestic retail electricity supply in 2030.
• Based on a number of scenarios for the capacity mix in 2030.
• The project was delivered by Baringa, the independent business and technology consultancy.

This knowledge building project sought to outline a number of price scenarios for the retail price of electricity across a number of different energy vectors in 2030. This was to help build the ETIs evidence base of the operation of future UK energy systems and markets. This was also to stimulate a discussion about the realities of 2030 electricity system operation and uncertainties about this.

This project, which was delivered by Baringa built on their existing time series of hourly supplier electricity costs for 2030. They delivered an hourly electricity price series for 2030 based on traceable assumptions for three different 2030 supply-demand scenarios.

The findings from this project helped inform two existing ETI projects. Firstly, the Consumers, Vehicles and Energy Integration project which sought to understand the required changes to market structures and energy supply systems in order to encourage wider adoption of plug-in vehicles and their integration into the energy system. It also informed the Integrated Heat project which developed a modelling tool to evaluate the opportunities and challenges for electric heating to meet future UK household requirements.

• Project to develop a technology platform to build blades in excess of 100 metres
• Use of carbon fibre in manufacture enabled longer blades with increased swept area to be built
• Manufactured through smaller component pieces rather than full-length mouldings

The ETI commissioned Isle of Wight SME Blade Dynamics to develop a technology platform to build blades in excess of 100m for use on the next generation of large offshore wind turbines with a capacity of 6MW.

New design techniques were used incorporating carbon fibre along with other composite materials.This created blades weighing up to 40% less and allowed for cost savings in the overall blade, turbine and tower structure to be made, when the system is designed as a matched unit. This helps reduce the cost of energy.

The manufacturing process sees the blades constructed through the assembly of smaller, more accurate and easily manufactured component pieces as opposed to the traditional large and expensive full-length mouldings.

In October 2015, Blade Dynamics was acquired by GE.The acquisition by one of the world largest companies and the resources and market reach they bring with them should enable the technology to progress quickly and reach a wide global market.

Press Release – dated 19 May 2011: extract

This is a six-month long £455,000 Biomass to Power with CCS project which will provide clarity on what further developments are required to better understand the biomass to power with CCS sector and what opportunities it could generate for the UK. The research will incorporate feedback from existing international demonstration projects that incorporate biomass co-firing, as well as dedicated biomass to power conversion. The project is being delivered through CMCL Innovations, in conjunction with Cambridge University, Doosan Babcock, Drax Power, EDF Energy, E4tech, Imperial Consultants, and Leeds University.

• Research project to identify how retrofitting of existing housing stock could be accelerated
• Identified a series of potential retrofit approaches to UK housing stock
• Approaches identified were tested within our Smart Systems and Heat programme

• FEED Study for a CCS plant capable of capturing up to 95% of CO2 emissions from coal fired power stations
• Project aimed at pre-combustion
• Involved CO2 removal by physical separation

We have invested 3.5m to date in a project with Costain to design a carbon capture pilot plant capable of capturing up to 95% of CO2 emissions from coal fired power stations.

The project is aimed at pre-combustion carbon capture applications, involving CO2 removal by physical separation. Costain has produced a frontend engineering design study for a demonstration unit, working with the University of Edinburgh and Imperial College, London.

The Condition Monitoring project was led by Moog Insensys and included Romax, SeeByte, the University of Strathclyde, E.ON and EDF.

It looked towards developing an intelligent integrated, predictive, condition monitoring package for wind turbines, which improved reliability and increased availability by reducing downtime by up to 20% and led to potential savings of 6,000 per turbine.

Launched in September 2009 with5.4m of ETI funding the system was tested on turbines belonging to EDF in France and E.ON in North Yorkshire. The project completed in summer 2013.

• Stage 1 aims to characterize market and policy frameworks, business propositions, and the integrated vehicle and energy infrastructure system and technologies best suited to enabling a cost-effective UK energy system for low-carbon vehicles, using the amalgamated analytical toolset.
• Stage 2 aims to fill knowledge gaps and validate assumptions from Stage 1 through scientifically robust research, including real world trials with private vehicle consumers and case studies with business fleets. A mainstream consumer uptake trial will be carried out to measure attitudes to PiVs after direct experience of them, and consumer charging trials will measure mainstream consumer PiV charging behaviours and responses to managed harging options.

• Project to examine the economical and technical feasibility of Tension Leg Platform (TLP) design
• Investigated offshore 5MW wind turbines with hybrid concrete/steel floater and concrete counter weight
• Showed that TLP based solutions could help reduce the costs of offshore wind in the UK

This project was led by Blue H Technologies. The consortium also included BAE Systems, Romax, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Agricultural Science, EDF, PAFA Consulting Engineers and Sea & Land Power and Energy Ltd. It delivered an economic and technical feasibility study for a novel floating TLP 5MW offshore wind turbine including a hybrid concrete/steel floater and a concrete counter weight.

The project started in January 2009 with an ETI investment of £3.3m and completed in the summer of 2010. The project provided us with valuable data on TLP floating foundation design and cost. It helped shape the next stage of our Offshore Wind programme.

Our analysis also concluded that the cost of energy sites to the South West, North West and North East of the UK could provide highly competitive levelised energy costs.

• The Infrastructure Cost Calculator was developed to allow users to calculate and compare network transition costs across a number of scenarios and vectors, including electricity, gas, heat and hydrogen
• The Infrastructure Cost Calculator provides users with access to a robust, centrally stored database of infrastructure costs based on current industry data
•  Users can define and compare different scenarios to understand long term investments for a UK transition to a low carbon energy network

In order to assess the opportunities for meeting long term emissions reductions targets, it is necessary to understand the costs and performance of the energy infrastructure that will carry energy from where it is generated, to where it is consumed. Example capabilities of the Infrastructure Cost Calculator include:

• Impact Analysis: testing new innovations to understand how they impact on the cost of networks.
• Sensitivity Analysis: investigating how cost changes based on future scenarios impact upon lifetime network costs.
• Transition comparisons: investigating the difference between the costs of pathways to reach a low carbon energy network.
• Time implications: analysing the financial impacts of carrying out infrastructure changes over different time periods.

• A FEED study into the design of an offshore wind floating platform system demonstrator
• Tension Leg Platform designed in partnership with Alstom 150-6MW Haliade turbine

Floating turbine technology is of strategic importance to any future UK offshore wind strategy. 

This project drew upon earlier ETI studies. These showed that floating foundations could be very attractive, by allowing the UK to access higher wind sites that are reasonably close to shore. Our analysis suggests that floating offshore wind has the medium to long term potential to deliver attractive energy costs.

The Glosten Associates, a US-based navel architecture and marine engineering firm designed a tension leg platform (TLP) floating system demonstrator through a Front End Engineering Design (FEED) Study.

This has shown that UK offshore wind energy costs could fall to below £85MWh by the late 2020s, with further reductions possible as the technology matures. The floating platform is designed to provide high capacity factors in wind speeds exceeding 10 metres per second in water between 50 and 1200 metres deep. The TLP technology is suitable for water depths from as low as 55 metres (much lower than conventional TLP developed from oil and gas experience) up to several hundred metres. Floating foundations could enable the UK (and other countries) to develop a wider range of offshore wind sites that are relatively close enough to shore, rather than being limited to sites suitable for foundations fixed to the seabed.

The findings and deliverable reports from this project have been made available to the Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult the technology innovation and research centre for offshore wind, wave and tidal energy to inform their ongoing work in the area of offshore wind.

Extract from press release – dated 27 October 2009:

An extensive study to look at increasing efficiency and cutting emissions of heavy-duty vehicles (HDV) and off-road machines has been launched today (27 October) by the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI). The ETI study will evaluate heavy-duty vehicles such as coaches, buses and mining vehicles, determine drive-cycles showing the types of UK usage patterns for each class of vehicle, identify the potential efficiency improvement technologies and evaluate the benefits case for each one. The project, which is expected to last nine months, will focus on the technologies which have the largest potential to reduce CO2 emissions.

The UK HDV fleet currently consumes more than 13.5 billion litres of liquid fuel each year and contributes 8.96% to overall UK carbon emissions. Significant CO2 reductions across the entire HDV fleet are therefore critical to achieving the overall UK target of an 80% reduction by 2050. The project, led by Ricardo and including Caterpillar and Rolls-Royce, will carry out a detailed analysis of the UK’s heavy-duty vehicle fleet and identify ways in which technological solutions can increase its efficiency and contribute to a reduction in liquid fuel consumption.

ETI Chief Executive Dr David Clarke said: “Carbon reduction from heavy-duty vehicles presents a significant challenge. Many of the current options to reduce CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles are not feasible for heavy duty applications. Due to the high energy usage, strategies such as electrification are unlikely to be successful, so the aim is to look at ways of increasing the efficiency of use of liquid fuels.Also, the vehicle types, applications and technologies to improve efficiency are diverse so it is difficult to find a single universal technological solution. This project will allow us to identify potential technological solutions to increasing efficiency and reducing liquid fuel consumption across the heavy-duty vehicle fleet.”

Neville Jackson, Director of Advanced Technology, Ricardo said: ”Fuel efficiency has always been the key product attribute for heavy-duty vehicles. Whilst Ricardo and our project partners have made significant progress in reducing fuel consumption, opportunities still exist to identify and develop further technologies that can enable heavy duty engines to make their contribution to reductions in carbon emissions. This study will focus on technologies that deliver benefits in real world applications and that can support the UK as a leader in low carbon products.”

• Investigation into concepts and technologies required to deliver significant cost reductions
• Swept areas (blade size) needed to be larger than was usual at the time of the project
• The optimum size of turbine identified was larger than the historical state of the art design

The Helm Wind project carried out an unconstrained investigation into the concepts and technologies required to deliver significant cost of energy reductions for offshore wind. This included rotor diameter, geometry and speed, number of blades, upwind and downwind orientations, drivetrain options and support structures. Led by E.ON, the consortium also included BP, Rolls-Royce and the University of Strathclyde.

The project started in January 2009 with an ETI investment of £2.5m. The project finished in the autumn of 2010. It identified that sufficient improvements could be made through technology innovation to deliver energy costs that were comparable with 2010 onshore wind costs one of ETI objectives for the offshore wind programme.

This required innovation in rotor aerodynamics and diameter, drivetrain technologies and electrical systems. The consortium also identified that the optimum turbine size for offshore wind; was significantly larger than the historical state of the art design.

Hydrogen is likely to be an increasingly important fuel component in the future. This 3.5m project was designed to advance the safe design and operation of gas turbines, reciprocating engines and combined heat and power systems using hydrogen-based fuels. Through new modelling and large-scale experimental work the project sought to identify the bounds of safe design and operation of high efficiency combined cycle gas turbine and combined heat and power systems operating on a range of fuels with high and variable concentrations of hydrogen. The goal of the project was to increase the range of fuels that can be safely used in power and heat generating plant. The project involved the Health and Safety Laboratory, an agency of the Health and Safety Executive, in collaboration with Imperial Consultants, the consulting arm of Imperial College London

The Industrial Doctorate Centre for Offshore Renewable Energy (IDCORE) trains research engineers whose work in conjunction with sponsoring companies aims to accelerate the deployment of offshore wind, wave and tidal-current technologies. This is to help meet the UK’s ambitious renewable energy targets. Students undertake a four year full time course including time with a sponsoring company working on “real world” applications and research initiatives to obtain their doctorates.

The centre is funded by the ETI and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).

Academic partners / research facilities:

• University of Edinburgh
• University of Exeter
• University of Strathclyde

Programme partners:

• HR Wallingford
• The Scottish Association for Marine Science

Industrial partners / sponsoring companies:

• Cefas
• EDF Energy
• E.ON
• GE & Alstom Energy
• Narec
• FloWave
• TT Tidal Energy Ltd
• Siemens/MCT
• Lloyd’s Registrar
• TWI
• DNV GL
• Sgurr Energy
• Alba Turn

• A feasibility study on the technical and commercial viability of vertical axis turbines
• Investigated 5MW and 10MW designs based on aerogenerator rotor concepts
• The project was delivered by a consortium featuring industry and academia.

The NOVA project delivered a feasibility study which evaluated the technical and commercial viability of a 5MW and 10MW vertical axis turbine, based upon the aerogenerator rotor concept. It also evaluated specific design options for the rotor, drivetrain and foundations.

Project Managed by OTM Consulting Ltd, the consortium also included Wind Power Ltd, the Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science and the Universities of Cranfield, Sheffield and Strathclyde. Started in January 2009 with an ETI investment of 2.8m and completed in summer 2010 the project provided the ETI with valuable information that helped shape the next stage of our Offshore Wind programme.

The project showed that the Nova concept was commercially and technically feasible. Our further analysis suggested that horizontal access wind turbines will evolve faster than vertical access wind turbines and provide lower costs of energy in the short to medium term.

• Indoor turbine test rig based at the Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult (OREC) in Northumberland
• Designed to allow the whole offshore wind drivetrain to be tested onshore before deployment offshore

In project ETI-WIND-5 Two consortia, GE Energy Power Conversion / MTS and Horiba, were commissioned to deliver competing technical designs for an indoor test rig capable of testing a complete wind turbine drive train and nacelle.

GE Energy Power Conversion and MTS were subsequently commissioned to design, develop and commission the test rig, which is sited at OREC in Blyth, Northumberland. We have invested over £25m (ETI-WIND-5 + ETI-WIND-6) in the concept, in partnership with Innovate UK who funded the Narec building and supportive infrastructure at Blyth. 

The test rig has been designed to allow the whole turbine nacelle to be tested, in a purpose-built, onshore test facility before being exposed to the challenging offshore conditions. This will help reduce the technical and commercial risks of mass production and deployment.

• Indoor turbine test rig based at the Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult (OREC) in Northumberland
• Designed to allow the whole offshore wind drivetrain to be tested onshore before deployment offshore

Two consortia, GE Energy Power Conversion / MTS and Horiba, were commissioned to deliver competing technical designs for an indoor test rig capable of testing a complete wind turbine drive train and nacelle.

• Examined potential impact of plug-in vehicles on the UK grid
• Assessed recharging infrastructure required to support any mass-market adoption of plug-in vehicles
• Defined a system architecture to integrate vehicles, electricity networks, charging points and payment systems

This project looked at the potential impact of electric vehicles on the UK electricity distribution grid. It also assessed the recharging infrastructure required to support mass market adoption of plug-in vehicles in the UK.

In collaboration with a number of stakeholders it defined a system architecture to integrate vehicles, electricity networks, charging points and payment systems.

This project carried out an

• Analysis of the potential size of the market for plug-in vehicles in the UK
• Analysis of the potential total level of investment needed in the UK
• Analysis of the potential total level of carbon offset in the UK

This project provided a strategic level analysis of the potential size of the market for plug-in vehicles, the total level of investment needed and the total carbon offset for the UK.

The analysis was conducted against a set of scenarios including technology breakthrough, macro-economics and government policy. It determined the viability of different pathways to a self-sustaining mass market for plug-in vehicles.

The Performance Assessment of Wave and Tidal Array Systems (PerAWaT) project, launched in October 2009 with £8m of ETI investment. The project delivered validated, commercial software tools capable of significantly reducing the levels of uncertainty associated with predicting the energy yield of major wave and tidal stream energy arrays. It also produced information that will help reduce commercial risk of future large scale wave and tidal array developments.

• Development and demonstration of a pre-saturated core fault current limiter
• Product design offers advantages of a non-superconducting pre-saturated core fault current limiter with instant response and recovery and a small footprint based on established transformer design and build process
• Commissioned into service in May 2013 at a UK Power Networks primary substation in Newhaven, where it has performed excellently.

Designed by GridON, this pre-saturated core fault current limiter uses a direct current coil to magnetically saturate the iron core, providing a very low impedance during normal operation and a high impedance in response to a network fault. It is based on combining industry standard proven transformer technology and GridON's concept of magnetic flux alteration to saturate the iron core.

The limiter is fully scalable for use at voltage levels on both distribution and transmission systems. Its design removes the need for superconducting components or associated cryogenic systems.

1. A review of latest theoretical estimates of land available for biomass production in the UK and Europe.
2. A desk study to identify additional constraint layers which could be used to refine the ETI’s own in-house land availability constraint masks. The suitability of these additional constraint layers was tested through field surveys.
3. A review of the steps and agencies involved in land use change to bioenergy crops and forestry.
4. Case studies of three farmers who have planted bioenergy crops, focusing on the financial and food production impacts of their decision.

Fault current levels are becoming a significant barrier to the installation of low-carbon and other distributed generation. Management of these fault levels is also a key enabler for the growth of smart distribution systems, offering improved operation, flexibility and efficiency. This project will develop and demonstrate a resistive superconducting fault current limiter device, which will reduce the impact of faults on electricity distribution networks, helping the cost effective growth and increased flexibility and reliability of distribution systems, with more low carbon electricity generation installed in the distribution system. It will be developed by Applied Superconductor Ltd, based in Blyth, Northumberland, in partnership with Rolls-Royce, and will be installed on the network at a Western Power Distribution substation in Loughborough, Leicestershire. E.ON will act as technical consultants.

• Phase one will focus on a gap analysis.
• Phase two will look at developing a series of improved methodologies from the gaps identified in phase one
• Phase three will demonstrate how to apply these methodologies. Finally, phase 3 will develop a “how to” guide for use by project engineers.

The 541k project retrofitted five types of domestic property.

1. A pre-1919 mid-terracehouse.
2. A pre-1919 detachedhouse.
3. A 1919-44 semi-detachedhouse.
4. A 1945-64 semi-detachedhouse
5. A post 1980 semi-detachedhouse.

This project provided insights into consumer behaviour relating to the heating decisions they make.

The project consisted of four pieces of consultancy work to provide the overall view of consumer behaviour. These pieces of workexamined:

• Consumer response and behavioursanalysis
• A literature review of personality and risky heatdecisions
• Household heating designaids
• Segmentationanalysis

• Project specified the data system functionality and proposed architecture to fulfil the information and service requirements of a smart energy system;
• Functionality addressed the question of data security.

Economics consultancy Europe Economics were appointed to develop a modelling framework to help local authorities effectively evaluate the benefits of creating more energy efficient buildings and networks. Working in collaboration with AECOM, who specialise in building data collection and management, the model will help local authorities to scope out potential future opportunities and benefits for their particular location.

This project complemented the EnergyPath Networks software modelling tool (ETI-SS1203) which was used in the planning of cost-effective local energy systems.

In conjunction with our SSH programme delivery partners, the Energy System Catapult we are working with Newcastle City Council, Bridgend County Borough Council and Greater Manchester Combined Authority to support energy infrastructure planning using the EnergyPath Networks tools.

EnergyPath is a registered trade mark of the Energy Technologies Institute LLP

The ETI commissioned the HEMS & ICT Market project to undertake an in depth study and assessment of HEMS along with what data, processes and controls andpotential additional services enabled via a linked ICT system. The project delivers key insights and findings in terms of potential future offerings and capabilities of these products along with market assessment information. The aim of the project was to characterise the existing market for HEMS and ICT systems and to quantify themarket/commercial opportunities for future HEMS and ICT propositions for both consumer and business.

ETIs research highlights that a Home Energy Management System (HEMS) should be a key component of a future smart energy system, but given the fact that most consumers do not willingly engage with their energy system any product solutions need to be consumer focused if they are to be effective. Therefore this project to design an advanced HEMS is a core component of the ETIs Smart Systems and Heat programme (now delivered by the Energy Systems Catapult) to make energy and heat consumption more consumer focused.

As part of the two year project, the system that is developed will be installed and tested in homes during the winter of 2016 and the results analysed to give an insight into consumer patterns, their electricity and gas use and the building and heating system performance. This will provide a significant dataset of consumer behaviours, energy use and building characterisation to develop further future products. Providing a secure and scalable platform will also help to integratemore appliances in the home and allow valuable services and applications to be developed, deployed andmanaged.

ETIs research highlights that a Home Energy Management System (HEMS) should be a key component of a future smart energy system, but given the fact that most consumers do not willingly engage with their energy system any product solutions need to be consumer focused if they are to be effective. Therefore this project to design an advanced HEMS is a core component of the ETIs Smart Systems and Heat programme (now delivered by the Energy Systems Catapult) to make energy and heat consumption more consumer focused.

As part of the two year project, the system that is developed will be installed and tested in homes during the winter of 2016 and the results analysed to give an insight into consumer patterns, their electricity and gas use and the building and heating system performance. This will provide a significant dataset of consumer behaviours, energy use and building characterisation to develop further future products. Providing a secure and scalable platform will also help to integrate more appliances in the home and allow valuable services and applications to be developed, deployed and managed.

The Integrated Electric Heating Project provided a modelling tool to evaluate the opportunities and challenges for electric heating to meet UK household requirements. The tool will be used to create and evaluate upgrade pathways for a small number of housing archetypes informed by detailed information gathered from dwelling participating in the recent Home Energy Management System trial.

About the project

Management consultancy Baringa Partners are delivering this new project to develop the capability to improve understanding with regards the future role of energy storage and the provision of cross-vector system flexibility within the context of the overall UK energy system.

The project is split into two stages:

The first stage will provide a modelling framework that will help us to understand the services that storage and flexibility could provide for multiple energy vectors electricity, heat, hydrogen and gas at different time and space resolutions. It will provide a detailed examination of the operation of storage within the energy system and an assessment of its near term (5-10 years) market potential.

The second stage will enable the developed modelling framework to operate in conjunction with other ETI models, such as its Energy System Modelling Environment. This will allow the ETI to undertake assessments of long term energy system scenarios to fully understand the role for storage and flexibility.

The project will also seek to identify the policy and market arrangements to determine the commercial viability of energy storage, the shape of potential future energy storage markets and the regulatory factors that would be required for such an operational market.

• Project confirms there are no major technical hurdles to storing industrial scale CO2 offshore in the UK with sites able to service mainland Europe as well as the UK
• 12 month project was carried out by Pale Blue Dot Energy, Axis Well Technology and Costain with 2.5m of funding provided by the Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC)

Aberdeen-based consultancy Pale Blue Dot Energy supported by Axis Well Technology and Costain delivered a project which identified the next phase of sites deep under the seabed in UK waters to store CO2 emissions from coal and gas power stations and heavy industry plants.

The 12 month project was delivered by the ETI and funded with up to 2.5m from DECC. It progressed the appraisal of five selected storage sites towards readiness for Final Investment Decisions, de-risking these stores for potential future storage developers.

This project identified 20 specific CO₂storage sites (from a potential 579 sites) which together represent the tip of a very large strategic national CO₂storage resource potential,estimated to be around 78GT (78,000 million tonnes). The top 15% of this potential storage capacity would last the UK around 100 years.

Five of these sites were then selected for further detailed analysis given their potential contribution to mobilise commercial-scale carbon, capture and storage (CCS) projects for power and industrial use in the UK. Outline storage development plans and budgets were prepared for each.

Under the terms of the DECC funding package, the ETI is publishing on its website the detailed reports from the project and providing access to the sub-surface geological models.

The project has built on data from CO₂Stored - the UKs CO₂storage atlas - a database which was created from the ETIs UK Storage Appraisal Project. This is now publically available and being further developed by The Crown Estate and the British Geological Survey. Information on CO2Stored is available at www.co2stored.co.uk

• WP1: Landscape review of current developments;
• WP2: High Level Engineering Study (down-selecting from 24 to 8 Biomass to Power with CCS technologies);
• WP3: Parameterised Sub-System Models development; and
• WP4: Technology benchmarking and recommendation report. Reports generally follow this coding.

The Tidal Energy Converter (TEC) System demonstrator saw the ETI invest £3.2m in a project to take a whole system and through life analysis approach to deliver the best optimised design for a commercially viable 200MW tidal stream array.

It involved a broad range of the marine technology skill base and identified supply chain solutions applicable to generic tidal stream devices. Phase 1 of the project, launched in May 2012, was led by Atlantis Resources Corporation and project managed by Black & Veatch.

The project drew on the systems integration and technology skills of Lockheed Martin, as well as many leading technology providers in the marine industry. The results indicate that tidal energy could be comparable and cost competitive with offshore wind by 2020.

Key findings and deliverable reports from this project have been shared with the Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult the technology innovation and research centre for offshore wind, wave and tidal energy to inform their ongoing work in the area of tidal energy.

• Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) generated in the Sahara to be imported to the UK;
• Wind energy generated in the Outer Hebrides to be imported to the UK; and
• Wind energy generated in the Orkney Islands to be exported to Norway

Key findings of the study are:

• Electricity transmission represents the least cost solution if electrical energy is required at the demand site
• Chemical energy carriers do however compare favourably with electricity transmission where they can be used directly

In terms of the levelised costs per unit of energy delivered to the UK, the analysis demonstrates that electricity transmission represents the least cost solution if electrical energy is required at the demand site. This is true for all of the three generating site scenarios. For example, the cost associated with transferring electrical energy via a transmission network from the Outer Hebrides to the UK mainland is just over £70/MWh and from the Sahara £139/MWh compared to between £232/MWh and £281/MWh using chemical storage media.
The chemical energy carriers do however compare favourably with electricity transmission where they can be used directly. If energy can be supplied as a fuel rather than electricity, the case for the chemical energy storage media becomes economically viable. For example,hydrogen can be delivered to the UK from the Sahara at a cost of £124/MWh by ship or £120/MWh by pipeline, which is less than that for direct transmission (i.e. £139/MWh).

The results also indicate that using electro-chemical energy storage media (i.e. a Zinc-Air Battery ship concept) is unlikely to represent an economically viable concept. The overall costs are dominated by the cost of the batteries themselves. Even assuming an extremely ambitious cost target for a transportable battery the levelised cost per unit of electricity delivered is over six times that of the baseline transmission option.

This £4m project was delivered by a consortium of project partners from across academia and industry - LR Senergy Limited, BGS, the Scottish Centre for Carbon Storage (University of Edinburgh, Heriot-Watt University), Durham University, GeoPressure Technology Ltd, Geospatial Research Ltd, Imperial College London, RPS Energy and Element Energy Ltd.

We have agreed a licence with The Crown Estate and the BGS to host and further develop an online database of mapped UK offshore carbon dioxide storage capacity produced by UKSAP.

This is now publically available under the name of CO2 Stored. It can be accessed via http://www.co2stored.co.uk.

The web-enabled database - the first of its type anywhere in the world - contains geological data, storage estimates, risk assessments and economics of nearly 600 potential CO2 storage units of depleted oil and gas reservoirs, and saline aquifers around the UK. It enables interested stakeholders to access information about the storage resource and to make more informed decisions related to the roll out of CCS in the UK.

MacArtney has developed an entirely new type of medium voltage wet mate connector designed especially for the offshore renewable energy market. The new 11 kV wet mate connector makes interconnection and connecting dynamic cables from offshore renewable energy converters to export cables faster and easier. Up to now, disconnecting or connecting cable terminations offshore has been a time-consuming and consequently expensive business and required bringing cables up on deck. Funded by ETI, MacArtney has developed, produced and tested the new 11 kV connector solution.

MacArtneys wet mate connector eliminates the need to bring the cable to the surface for mating and de-mating, shortens the time needed for connection and makes it possible to operate in waters with limited time windows. This is particularly important for renewable energy devices where changing tides or wave action are often a critical factor in marine renewable deployments.

Faster and easier terminations : Cables ends are terminated to an 11 kV connector pair before deployment and mechanically connected offshore. The mechanical connection of the two halves takes less than an hour a significant improvement on the time it normally takes to cut and splice cables offshore. This mechanical connection also makes it possible to connect and disconnect cables time and time again. The 11 kV termination can also be pre mounted onto cable ends for installation in two stages. Half of the system can be installed on the sea floor with a pressure cap mounted to the connector and the second half of the cable mated at a later stage. "We know what challenges renewable energy converters face Being involved with many large marine renewable energy projects over recent years has given MacArtney a deep understanding of the challenges and issues faced when connecting moving, dynamic devices to stationary export cables that transfer captured energy to the onshore grid."

Grid compliant - The MacArtney 11 kV wet mate connector system is a fully tested and EN/CEI/IEC 60502-4 compliant connector solution specifically designed to meet the needs of the marine renewables industry and requirements from grid owners and utilities. Tests were witnessed by DnV (Det Norske Veritas) and real-sea tests performed off Falmouth, UK, in October 2011.