This work benchmarks the existing UK cold chain and provides robust evidence-based data on emissions in 2020. Only emissions from refrigeration within UK borders was considered, both from refrigerant leakage and from electrical power usage. Energy consumption For energy consumption the Digest of UK Energy Statistics (DUKES) was widely used. This data is compiled by the Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and contains data for many years up until the current year. The United Kingdom Statistics Authority has designated these statistics as National Statistics, in accordance with the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 and therefore they were considered as the most accurate data available. DUKES data does not always differentiate the energy consumed by refrigeration systems in each of the cold chain sectors and therefore further analysis and assumptions were often required. Energy consumption values shown were collated per year for the years 2019/2020, unless otherwise stated. Emissions from refrigerant leakage The main GHG refrigerants are the fluorinated gases (f-gases); hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). According to Brown et al (Brown et al., 2021) emissions of f-gases can occur at various stages of the refrigeration equipment life-cycle: During manufacturing, During installation, Over the operational lifetime, At disposal. The most comprehensive source of information for direct emissions is the UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory. This contains national greenhouse gas emission estimates for the period 1990-2019 and is the United Kingdoms National Inventory Report (NIR) submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It includes losses during manufacture/initial charging and at decommissioning as well as losses in use.
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The objective of the Consumers, Vehicles and Energy Integration project is to inform UK Government and European policy and to help shape energy and automotive industry products, propositions and investment strategies. Additionally, it aims to develop an integrated set of analytical tools that models future market scenarios in order to test the impact of future policy, industry and societal choices. The project is made up of two stages:
Stage 1 aims to characterize market and policy frameworks, business propositions, and the integrated vehicle and energy infrastructure system and technologies best suited to enabling a cost-effective UK energy system for low-carbon vehicles, using the amalgamated analytical toolset.
Stage 2 aims to fill knowledge gaps and validate assumptions from Stage 1 through scientifically robust research, including real world trials with privatevehicle consumers and case studies with business fleets. A mainstream consumer uptake trial will be carried out to measure attitudes to PiVs after direct experience of them, and consumer charging trials will measure mainstream consumer PiV charging behaviours and responses to managed harging options
This report represents Deliverable D4.2, Final Analysis of Technology, Commercial and Market Building Blocks for Energy Infrastructure. The purpose of this report is to provide
A ‘first principles’ view of the key components or Building Blocks (BB) that are considered as part of understanding what technology/physical, actors/commercial, market/policy, and Customer Proposition structures are most effective in enabling mass deployment and use of ULEVs, and their relative importance.
A systematic allocation of the BBs to the Narratives, in such a way as to focus the framework on the areas of highest materiality, providing the basis for the analysis reported in the separate D1.3 Market Design and System Integration Report.
This spreadsheet provides details of the building blocks themselves. It should be read in conjunction with the main report.
Rights: Energy Technologies Institute Open Licence for Materials
The objective of the Consumers, Vehicles and Energy Integration project is to inform UK Government and European policy and to help shape energy and automotive industry products, propositions and investment strategies. Additionally, it aims to develop an integrated set of analytical tools that models future market scenarios in order to test the impact of future policy, industry and societal choices. The project is made up of two stages:
Stage 1 aims to characterize market and policy frameworks, business propositions, and the integrated vehicle and energy infrastructure system and technologies best suited to enabling a cost-effective UK energy system for low-carbon vehicles, using the amalgamated analytical toolset.
Stage 2 aims to fill knowledge gaps and validate assumptions from Stage 1 through scientifically robust research, including real world trials with private vehicle consumers and case studies with business fleets. A mainstream consumer uptake trial will be carried out to measure attitudes to PiVs after direct experience of them, and consumer charging trials will measure mainstream consumer PiV charging behaviours and responses to managed harging options.
The first project deliverable, report D1.1 “Summary of Approach, Conceptual Design and Key Research Questions”, sets out the analytical approach being taken to the identification and assessment of system options and the tool set being used. This second project deliverable, report D4.1 “Initial Analysis of Technology, Commercial and Market Building Blocks of Energy Infrastructure”, sets out the detailed components of the framework. D4.1 comprises a report and spreadsheet. The two deliverables should be read in conjunction with each other. It should be noted that both of these reports were written for the purpose of facilitating agreement regarding the details of the approach and consequently they are quite complex. Other reports later in the project will present the information in a more accessible manner for people not closely involved with the work; those later reports are commended to the general reader as a more suitable starting point. Nevertheless, D1.1 and D4.1 are made available for completeness.
This spreadsheet defines the Building Blocks for each Dimension: Customer Proposition (CP), Physical Supply Chain (PSC), Market and Policy Framework (MPF) and Commercial Value Chain (CVC). The sheet include both a summary and detailed analysis. It should be read in conjunction with the main report deliverable CVEI Project: TR1006 D4.1. Initial analysis of technology, commercial, market building blocks
Rights: Energy Technologies Institute Open Licence for Materials
This publication has been produced as part of the work on the ETI’s internationally peer reviewed energy system modelling environment (ESME) - a national energy system design and planning capability that helps to identify key areas for ETI investments. ESME is also used by UK Government to underpin and inform energy policy.
This file includes summary results from a standard run of ESME v4.3. A standard set of core charts exported from the ESME model showing energy flows and technology deployment in each major sector. Below each chart a table shows the corresponding numerical data
Rights: Energy Technologies Institute Open Licence for Materials
This file includes summary results from a standard run of ESME v4.2 (the most recent version of the model). A standard set of core charts exported from the ESME model showing energy flows and technology. This publication has been produced as part of the work on the ETI’s internationally peer reviewed energy system modelling environment (ESME) - a national energy system
Energy Systems Catapult was set up to accelerate the transformation of the UK’s energy system and ensure UK businesses and consumers capture the opportunities of clean growth. The Catapult is an independent, not-for-profit centre of excellence that bridges the gap between industry, government, academia and research.
This links to the searchable interface for the public datasets.
Summary of analyses of options for a low carbon economy (includes MARKAL model results by Future Energy Solutions). This report contains the results of a study, undertaken on behalf of DTI, DEFRA and the PIU, to develop a range of bottom-up estimates of carbon dioxide emissions from the UK energy sector up to 2050, and to identify the technical possibilities and costs for the abatement of these emissions. Three levels of abatement by 2050 have been considered: a 60% reduction relative to emissions in 2000 - approximating to the level considered by the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution (RCEP 2000) - plus 45% and 70% reductions relative to 2000 levels. Marsh, G, Taylor, P, Haydock, H, Anderson, D, Leach, M (2003). Options for a Low Carbon Future. DTI Economics Paper No 4, Department of Trade and Industry.
This report summarises the modelling work undertaken for the 2003 Energy White Paper using the MARKAL energy model. It describes the scenarios andsensitivities used in the modelling work. It concludes that there is a variety of carbon abatement options across the energy supply sector, in improving energy efficiency and across the transport sector. Total abatement costs are uncertain and vary considerably by scenario andsensitivity but are unlikely to have a significant impact on GDP growth.Innovation and technical progress are key elements in reducing the costs ofcarbon abatement. The report compares the costs from the MARKAL model with those from a range of other models. Most of the studies suggest GDP losses of under 3% in 2050. It looks at the different types of economic models used to analyse abatement costs and the reasons why they might produce varying cost estimates This is now archived.Leach, M, Anderson, D, Taylor, P, Marsh, G (2005). Options for a Low Carbon Future: Review of Modelling Activities and an Update. DTI Occasional Paper No 1, Department of Trade and Industry.
The datasets available for download include:1. The thermal characteristics for 16 dwelling categories for all the LSOAs in England and Wales before and after considering energy efficiency measures.2. The magnitude and duration of positive and negative flexibility services that can be provided by air source heat pumps in dwellings at local authority level. Dates refer to the input data to the model.
This spreadsheet contains the results for the article, "Meeting the costs of decarbonising industry – the potential effects on prices and competitiveness (a case study of the UK)". These include projected impacts for industrial process decarbonisation (costs, fuel use, residual emissions), for key years (2030, 2040, 2050), distributed in the following ways:
Directly allocated to industrial sector in which they occur
Shared between sectors in proportion to the share of GVA of each supply chain
Embodied in final products
Embodied in final products, aggregated to consumption patterns
The source of the projections and the method to perform the distribution are described in detail in the associated article.
Annual heat demand data for England and Wales at Lower Layer Super Output Area (LSOA) level, before and after energy efficiency measures. Normalised half-hourly profiles for heat production and energy consumption of different heating technologies. Costs for energy efficiency measures by local authority. The three datasets available for download include:
Annual heat demand data before and after adopting energy efficiency measures for 16 dwelling categories for all the LSOAs in England and Wales.
Normalised half-hourly profiles for the heat production and energy consumption of air-source heat pumps, ground source heat pumps, gas boilers and resistance heaters based on the UK average daily outside air temperature profile from 2013
The estimated costs to implement the energy efficiency measures to reach the annual heat demand displayed in the annual heat demand dataset, for each local authority in England and Wales.
This data set was updated on 14/10/2021. The top-level folder holds the latest version and a README file detailing the changes. The original version is retained in a sub-folder.
The numbers behind the Climate Change Committee's (CCC) sixth carbon budget. The sixth carbon budget provides UK ministers with advice on the volume of greenhouse gases that the UK can emit between 2033 and 2037 and has now been adopted in UK law. Interactive charts are available to explore the data.
Rights: Energy Technologies Institute Open Licence for Materials
This file includes summary results from the ESME model runs which correspond to Clockwork and Patchwork, the two scenarios described in the Options Choices Actions booklet. A standard set of core charts exported from the ESME model showing energy flows and technology deployment in each major sector. Below each chart a table shows the corresponding numerical data.
This publication has been produced as part of the work on the ETI’s internationally peer reviewed energy system modelling environment (ESME) - a national energy system design and planning capability that helps to identify key areas for ETI investments. ESME is also used by UK Government to underpin and inform energy policy.
This dataset relates to the modelling component of the UKERC Phase 4 Project '4.2a Investment in infrastructure'. The aim is to assess the scale of investment risks in the electricity generation sector associated with uncertainty over the pathway towards net zero. The model comprises three components:1. Input data. Based in Excel, contains the scenario assumptions on the electricity system including generation technologies, wind and solar power availability, demand profiles, interconnector and storage capacities etc.2. Modelling files based on the open-source Antares modelling framework. This requires additional free software to be able to run the model. The model calculates the hourly dispatch of all types of plant included in the system.3. Excel-based financial model, based on post-processing the output of the Antares model.Additional 1_Metadata.xls, Input_ReadMe and Outputs_ReadMe files explain the method for running each step of the modelling process. Software available at https://antares-simulator.org/. Version used 8.0.2
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